IUVA Education Resource Center

Drinking Water

Our Guiding Principles

Although UV is now a well-established and reliable process for the disinfection of drinking water, the technology is still evolving in equipment advancements, lamp technologies, and validation processes. As guides to the IUVA Education Committee’s knowledge base for drinking water, we aim to expand the UV knowledge base to newcomers to the industry as well as helping experienced professionals find the resources they need. We will reference citations and link to materials that range from the necessary background fundamentals to the current state of research such that IUVA members can access the information needed to support continued use and advocacy of UV for drinking
water.

Scott Alpert (PE), Hazen and Sawyer

Todd Elliot (PE), Jacobs

Scott Alpert (PE) is a Senior Associate and process engineer in Hazen and Sawyer’s Nashville office. With 27 years of experience in municipal water treatment, Dr. Alpert specializes in advanced treatment technologies, including UV disinfection and UV advanced oxidation.As a long-time member of the IUVA Board and several committees, Scott currently works with the Education Committee to expand the outreach of IUVA especially within the water, wastewater, and reuse topic areas.

Todd Elliot (PE) currently serves as Jacobs’ US North Regional Solutions Leader for Drinking Water and Reuse Technologies and is a long-time member of the IUVA Board and Education Committee. Mr. Elliot has over 20 years of experience in the drinking water and reuse market with a focus in UV disinfection applications in a wide variety of water and wastewater treatment planning, design, and construction projects.

Documents & Resources

Sub-topic	Title	Author	Source	Date	Link
UV rate constant data - Bacteria	A Comparison of Microbial Repair Mechanisms With Low Pressure and Medium Pressure UV Lamps	Aquionics	Erlanger, KY: Aquionics, Inc	2008	Link
UV rate constant data - Virus	A Genomic Model for the Prediction of Ultraviolet Inactivation Rate Constants for RNA and DNA Viruses; 2009 May 4-5; Boston, MA	Kowalski W, Bahnfleth W, Hernandez M	International Ultraviolet Association	2009	Link
UV rate constant data - Virus	Action spectra for the ultraviolet and visible light inactivation of phage T7: Effect of host-cell reactivation	Peak MJ, Peak JG	Radiat Res 76:325-330	1978	Link
UV rate constant data - Bacteria	Action spectra of light-restoration in Escherichia coli B/r	Jagger, J	Ann Inst Pasteur 916:858-873	1956	Link
UV rate constant info	An evaluation of the contribution of membrane lipids to protection against ultraviolet irradiation	Anderson R, Daya M, Reeve J	Biochimica Biophys Acta 905:227-230	1987	Link
UV rate constant data - Spores	Applications of a rapid endospore viability assay for monitoring UV inactivation and characterizing arctic ice cores	Shafaat H, Ponce A	Appl Environ Microbiol 7210:6808-6814	2006	Link
UV rate constant data - Virus	Applications of Ultraviolet Light for Inactivation of Adenovirus	Durance CS, Hoffman R, Andrews RC, Brown M	: University of Toronto Department of Civil Engineering	2005	Link
UV rate constant data - Bacteria	Assessing the effectiveness of low-pressure ultraviolet light for inactivating Mycobacterium avium complex MAC micro-organisms	Hayes, SL, M Sivaganesan, KM White and SL Pfaller	Lett Appl Microbiol 475: 386-392	2008	Link
UV rate constant data - Bacteria	Assessment of DNA damage and repair in Mycobacterium terrae after exposure to UV irradiation	Bohrerova Z, Linden KG	J Appl Microbiol 1015:995-1001	2006	Link
UV rate constant data - Bacteria	Assessment of the effectiveness of low-pressure UV light for inactivation of Helicobacter pylori	Hayes SL, White KM, Rodgers MR	Appl Environ Microbiol 725:3763-3765	2006	Link
UV rate constant data - Bacteria	Bacterial responses to ultraviolet irradiation	Blatchley, ER, 3rd, N Dumoutier, TN Halaby, Y Levi and JM Laine	Water Sci Technol 4310: 179-186	2001	Link
UV rate constant data - Bacteria	Bactericidal effects of ultraviolet radiation produced by low pressure mercury vapor lamps	Koller LR	J Appl Phys 10:624	1939	Link
UV rate constant data - Virus	Biological and biochemical studies on the inactivation of Avian Oncoviruses by ultraviolet irradiation	Bister K, Varmus HE, Stavnezer E, Hunter E, Vogt PK	Virol689-704	1977	Link
UV rate constant data - Virus	Calicivirus Inactivation by Nonionizing 253.7-Nanometer-Wavelength [UV] and Ionizing Gamma Radiation	de Roda Husman AM, Bijkerk P, Lodder W, Berg Hvd, Pribil W, Cabaj A, Gehringer P, Sommer R, Duizer E	Appl Environ Microbiol 709:5089-5093	2004	Link
UV rate constant data - Virus	Cell culture and PCR determination of Poliovirus inactivation by disinfectants	Ma J-F, Straub TM, Pepper IL, Gerba CP	Appl Environ Microbiol 6011:4203-4206	1994	Link
UV rate constant data - Virus	Characterization of UVC Light Sensitivity of Vaccinia Virus	McDevitt JJ, Lai KM, Rudnick SN, Houseman EA, First MW, Milton DK	Appl Environ Microbiol 7318:5760-5766	2007	Link
UV rate constant data - Virus	Coliphage MS-2 as a UV water disinfection efficacy test surrogate for bacterial and viral pathogens	Wilson B, Roessler P, vanDellen E, Abbaszadegan M, Gerba C	In: Association AWW, editor; 1992; Denver, CO	1992	Link
UV rate constant data - Bacteria	Comparative disinfection efficiency of pulsed and continuous-wave UV irradiation technologies	Bohrerova Z, Shemer H, Lantis R, Impellitteri C, Linden K	Wat Res 42:2975-2982	2008	Link
UV rate constant data - Virus	Comparative Inactivation of Adenovirus Serotypes by UV Light Disinfection	Nwachuku N, Gerba CP, Oswald A, Mashadi FD	Appl Environ Microbiol 719:5633-5636	2005	Link
UV rate constant data - Virus	Comparative inactivation of enteric Adenoviruses, Poliovirus and coliphages by ultraviolet irradiation	Meng QS, Gerba CP	Wat Res 3011:2665-2668	1996	Link
UV rate constant data - Virus	Comparative inactivation of enteroviruses and adenovirus 2 by UV light	Gerba C, Gramos DM, Nwachuku N	Appl Environ Microbiol 6810:5167-5169	2002	Link
UV rate constant data - Virus	Comparative studies of the stability of 4 fish-pathogenic viruses VHSV, PFR, SVCV, IPNV	Ahne W	Zentbl Vetmed Reihe B 29:457-476	1982	Link
UV rate constant data - Virus	Comparative studies on susceptibility of viruses to ultraviolet rays	Von Brodrotti HS, Mahnel H	Zbl Vet Med B 29:129-136	1982	Link
UV rate constant data - Virus	Comparative study of some properties of bacteriophage T4D irradiated with monochromatic ultraviolet light	Winkler U, Johns HE, Kellenberger E	Virol 18:343-358	1962	Link
UV rate constant data - Protozoa	Comparison of levels of inactivation of two isolates of Giardia lamblia cysts by UV light	Li D, Craik S, Smith D, Belosevic M	Appl Environ Microbiol 737:2218-2223	2007	Link
UV rate constant data - Bacteria	Comparison of the action spectra and relative DNA absorbance spectra of microorganisms: information important for the determination of germicidal fluence UV dose in an ultraviolet disinfection of water	Chen RZ, Craik SA and B JR	Wat Res 4320: 5087-5096	2009	Link
UV rate constant data - Virus	Comparison of the sensitivity to ultraviolet irradiation of reovirus 3 and some viruses of the Kemerovo group	Zavadova Z, Libikova H	Acta Virol 19:88-90	1975	Link
UV rate constant data - Virus	Continuous-flow UVC irradiation: a new, effective, protein activity-preserving system for inactivating bacteria and viruses, including erythrovirus B1	Caillet-Fauquet P DGM, Draps ML, Sandras F, Branckaert T, de Launoit Y, Laub R	J Virol Methods 1182:131-139	2004	Link
UV rate constant data - Bacteria	Dark Repair of DNA Containing Spore Photoproduct in Bacillus subtilis	Munakata N, Rupert CS	Molec Gen Genet 130:239-250	1974	Link
UV rate constant data - Fungi	Decreased susceptibility of melanized Cryptococcus neoformans to UV light	Wang Y, Casadevall A	Appl Microb 6010:3864-3866	1994	Link
UV rate constant data - Bacteria	Deoxyribonucleic acid repair capacities of Neisseria gonorrhoeae: absence of photoreactivation	Campbell, LA and RE Yasbin	J Bacteriol 1403: 1109-1111	1979	Link
UV rate constant data - Virus	Detection of infectious human adenovirus in tertiary-treated and ultraviolet-disinfected wastewater	Thompson SS, Jackson JL, Suva-Castillo M, Yanko WA, Jack ZE, Chen CL, Williams FP, Schnurr DP	Water Environ Res 752:163-170	2003	Link
UV rate constant data - Bacteria	Determination of pyrimidine dimers in Escherichia coli and Cryptosporidium parvum during UV light inactivation, photoreactivation, and dark repair	Oguma K, Katayama H, Mitani H, Morita S, Hirata T, Ohgaki S	Appl Environ Microbiol 6710:4630-4637	2001	Link
UV rate constant data - Bacteria	Determining disinfection efficiency on E Faecalis in saltwater by photolysis of H2O2: implications for ballast water treatment	Moreno-Andr?s J, R-M L, Acevedo-Merino A, Nebot E	Chem Eng J 283: 1339-1348	2016	Link
UV rate constant data - Bacteria	Differential responses of single cells and aggregates of Mycoplasmas to ultraviolet irradiation	Furness G	Appl Microbiol 183:360-364	1969	Link
UV rate constant data - Bacteria	Differential sensitivity to inactivation of NUR and NUR* strains of Escherichia coli at six selected wavelengths in the UVA, UVB, and UVC ranges	Webb RB, Tuveson TW	Photochem Photobiol 36:525-530	1982	Link
UV rate constant data - Virus	Direct and indirect effects of ultraviolet light on the mutagenesis of parvovirus H-1 in human cells	Cornelis JJ, Rommelaere J	EMBO J 16:693-699	1982	Link
UV rate constant data - Bacteria	Disinfection of Burkholderia pseudomallei in potable water	Howard, K and I TJJ	Wat Res 396: 1085-1092	2005	Link
UV rate constant data - Bacteria	Disinfection of circulating water systems by ultraviolet light and halogenation	Gilpin RD, Dillon SB, Keyser P, Androkites A, Berube M, Carpendale N, Skorina J, Hurley J, Kaplan AM	Water Res 197:839-848	1985	Link
UV rate constant data - Virus	Disinfection of Feline calicivirus a surrogate for Norovirus in wastewaters	Tree J, Adams M, Lees D	J Appl Microbiol 98:155-162	2005	Link
UV rate constant data - Bacteria	Disinfection of hatchery water supply by ultraviolet UV irradiation, I Susceptibility of some fish-pathogenic bacterium and microorganisms inhabiting pond waters	Kimura, T, M Yoshimizu, K Tajima, Y Ezura, and M and Sakia	Bulletin of the Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries 42: 207-211	1976	Link
UV rate constant data - Fungi	Disinfection of selected Aspergillus spp using ultraviolet irradiation	Green CF, Favidson CS, Scarpino PV, S G, Gibbs	Can J Microbiol 503:221-224	2004	Link
UV rate constant data - Virus	Disinfection of water supplies by ultraviolet radiation	Jepson JD	Wat Treat Exam 22:175-193	1973	Link
UV rate constant data - Bacteria	Diverse responses to UV-B Radiation and Repair Mechanisms of Bacteria Isolated from High-Altitude Aquatic Environments	Zenoff VF, Sineriz F, Farias ME	Appl Environ Microbiol 7212:7857-7863	2006	Link
UV rate constant data - Virus	DNA damage and biological function of human adenovirus after UV irradiation	Rainbow AJ, Mak S	Int J Radiat Biol 241:59-72	1973	Link
UV rate constant data - Bacteria	DNA repair and the evolution of transformation in Haemophilus influenzae	Mongold J	Genetics 132:893-898	1992	Link
UV rate constant data - Bacteria	DNA repair in Proteus mirabilis III Survival, dimer excision, and UV reactivation in comparison with Escherichia coli K12	Hofemeister J, Bohme H	Mol Gen Genetic 1412:147-161	1975	Link
UV rate constant data - Virus	DnaE2 polymerase contributes to in vivo survival and the emergence of drug resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis	Boshoff HIM, Reed MB, Barry CE, Mizrahi V	Cell 113:183-193	2003	Link
UV rate constant data - Virus	Early inhibition of cellular DNA synthesis by high multiplicities of infectious and UV-inactivated Reovirus	Shaw JE, Cox DC	J Virol 124:704-710	1973	Link
UV rate constant data - Bacteria	Effect of dipicolinic acid on the ultraviolet radiation resistance of Bacillus cereus spores	Germaine GR, Murrell WG	Photochem & Photobiol 17:145-154	1973	Link
UV rate constant data - Virus	Effect of formalin,B-propiolactone, merthiolate, and ultraviolet light upon Influenza virus infectivity, chicken cell agglutination, hemagglutination, and antigenicity	Goldstein MA, Tauraso NM	Appl Microb 192:290-294	1970	Link
UV rate constant data - Bacteria	Effect of long ultraviolet and short visible radiation 3500 to 4900 on Escherichia coli	Hollaender A	J Bact 46:531-541	1943	Link
UV rate constant data - Bacteria	Effect of oxygen radicals and peroxide on survival after ultraviolet irradiation and liquid holding recovery of Bacteroides fragilis	Slade, HJ, DT Jones and DR Woods	J Bacteriol 1472: 685-687	1981	Link
UV rate constant data - Virus	Effect of particle aggregation on the survival of irradiated Vaccinia virus	Galasso GJ, Sharp DG	J Bact 904:1138-1142	1965	Link
UV rate constant data - Protozoa	Effect of ultraviolet disinfection of drinking water on the viability of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts	Lorenzo MJ, Mazas MEA, I VMd, Orero DD	J Parasitol 791:67-70	1993	Link
UV rate constant data - Virus	Effect of Ultraviolet Irradiation on Poliomyelitis Virus in Vitro	Jungeblut, C	Proc Sic Exp Biol and Med 37: 160	1937	Link
UV rate constant data - Virus	Effect of ultraviolet irradiation on the survival of simian virus 40 functions in human and mouse cells	Aaronson SA	J Virol 64:393-399	1970	Link
UV rate constant data - Virus	Effect of Ultraviolet Light C UV-C Radiation Generated by Semiconductor Light Sources on Human Beta-Coronaviruses’ Inactivation	Sobotka, PM Przychodzki, K U?ci?o, TR Woli?ski and M Staniszewska	Materials 156: 2302	2022	Link
UV rate constant data - Virus	Effect of Ultraviolet Light on Mengovirus: Formation of Uracil Dimers, Instability and Degradation of Capsid, and Covalent Linkage of Protein to Viral RNA	Miller RL, Plageman PGW	J Virol 133:729-739	1974	Link
UV rate constant data - Virus	Effect of ultraviolet radiation on the Bacillus subtilis phages SPO2c12, SPP1, and phi 29 and their DNAs	Freeman AG, Schweikart KM, Larcom LL	Mut Res 1843:187-196	1987	Link
UV rate constant data - Bacteria	Effect of UV irradiation 253.7?nm on free Legionella and Legionella associated with its amoebae hosts	Cervero-Arag?, S, R Sommer and RM Araujo	Water Research, 67: 299-309	2014	Link
UV rate constant data - Bacteria	Effect of UV irradiation on macromolecular synthesis and colony formation in Bacteroides fragilis	Schumann, J P, Jones, D T, & Woods, D R	Journal of general microbiology, 1304, 771?777	1984	Link
UV rate constant data - Virus	Effect of UV irradiation on the expression of Vaccinia virus gene products synthesized in a cell-free system coupling transcription and translation	Bossart W, Nuss DL, Paoletti E	J Virol 263:673-680	1978	Link
UV rate constant data - Bacteria	Effect of visible light on the recovery of Streptomyces griseus conidia from ultraviolet irradiation injury	Kelner A	Proc Nat Acad Sci 352:73-79	1949	Link
UV rate constant data - Bacteria	Effects of DNA-polymerase-defective and recombination-deficient mutations on the ultraviolet sensitivity of Bacillus subtilis spores	Munakata N, Rupert CS	Mutation Res 27:157-169	1975	Link
UV rate constant data - Bacteria	Effects of dose fractionation on ultraviolet survival of Escherichia coli	Harm W	Photochem & Photobiol 7:73-86	1968	Link
UV rate constant data - Bacteria	Effects of Flonlizer, ultraviolet sterilizer, on Legionella species inhabiting cooling tower water	Yamamoto H, Urakami I, Nakano K, Ikedo M, Yabuuchi E	Microbiol Immunol 318:745-752	1987	Link
UV rate constant data - Virus	Effects of ultraviolet light UV irradiation on RNA phage in H2O and in D2O	Furuse K, Watanabe I	Virol 46:171-172	1971	Link
UV rate constant data - Bacteria	Effects of UV intensity and water turbidity on microbial indicator inactivation	Liu, W-J and Y-J Zhang	J Environ Sci 184: 650-653	2006	Link
UV rate constant data - Virus	Effects of UV-irradiation upon Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus	Smirnov Y, Kapitulez S, Kaverin N	Virus Res 222:151-158	1992	Link
UV rate constant data - Protozoa	Efficacy of UV irradiation in inactivating C parvum oocysts	Morita S, Namikoshi A, Hirata T, Oguma K, Katayama H, Ohgaki D, Motoyama N, Fujiwara M	Appl Environ Microbiol 6811:5387-5393	2002	Link
UV rate constant data - Bacteria	Efficiency of pyrimidine dimer formation in Escherichia coli across UV wavelengths	Eischeid, AC and KG Linden	J Appl Microbiol 1035: 1650-1656	2007	Link
UV rate constant data - Virus	Evaluating water quality effects on UV disinfection of MS2 coliphage	Batch L, Sculz C, Linden K	J Amer Wat Works Assoc 967:75-87	2004	Link
UV rate constant data - Bacteria	Evaluation of the UV disinfection process in bacteria and amphizoic ameoba inactivation	Maya C, Beltran N, Jimenez B, Bonilla P	Wat Sci Technol 34:285-291	2003	Link
UV rate constant data - Virus	Expression of early virus functions in Human Cytomegalovirus infected HEL cells: Effect of ultraviolet light-irradiation of the virus	Hirai K, Maeda F, Watanabe Y	J Gen Virol 38:121-133	1977	Link
UV rate constant data - Virus	Expression of Frog Virus 3 early genes after ultraviolet irradiation	Martin JP, Aubertin AM, Kirn A	Virol 122:402-410	1982	Link
Water	Fluence (UV Dose) Required to Achieve Incremental Log Inactivation of Bacteria, Protozoa, Viruses and Algae	Malyeri, Mohseni, Cairns, Bolton, Cheverefils, Caron, Barbeau, Wright, Linden	IUVA	2006	Link
UV rate constant data - Virus	Gene-controlled reactivation of ultraviolet-irradiated bacteriophage	Harm, W	J Cell Comp Physiol Suppl 581: 169	1961	Link
UV rate constant data - Bacteria	Genetically controlled removal of spore photoproduct from deoxyribonucleic acid of ultraviolet-irradiated Bacillus subtilis spores	Munakata N, Rupert CS	J Bact 1111:192- 198	1972	Link
UV rate constant data - Virus	Genomic DNA regions whose complementary strands are prone to UV light-induced crosslinking	Nejedly K, Kittner R, Kypr J	Arch Biochem Biophys 3882:216-224	2001	Link
UV rate constant data - Bacteria	Heat and UV-resistance of spores of Bacillus cereus produced endotrophically in the presence of b-2-thienylalanine	Weisova H, Vinter V, Starka J	Praha, Acad Sci Bohem 115:387-391	1966	Link
UV rate constant data - Spores	Higher effectiveness of photoinactivation of bacterial spores, UV resistant vegetative bacteria and mold spores with 222 nm compared to 254 nm wavelength	Clau? M	Acta Hydrochimica et Hydrobiologica 346:525?532	2006	Link
UV rate constant data - Bacteria	Host cell and ultraviolet reactivation of ultraviolet-irradiated Mycoplasma viruses	Das J, Nowak JA, Manilof J	J Bact 1293:1424-1427	1977	Link
UV rate constant data - Virus	Host-cell reactivation in mammalian cells Survival of ultraviolet-irradiated herpes virus in different cell-lines	Lytle CD	Int J Radiat Biol Relat Stud Phys Chem Med 194:329-337	1971	Link
UV rate constant data - Virus	Host-cell repair of vaccinia virus and of double stranded RNA of encephalomyocarditis virus	Zavadova Z	Nature London New Biol 233:123	1971	Link
UV rate constant data - Virus	Impact of iron particles in groundwater on the UV inactivation of bacteriophages MS2 and T4	Templeton MR, Andrews RC, Hofmann R	J Appl Microbiol 1013:732-741	2006	Link
UV Performance	Impacts of goethite particles on UV disinfection of drinking water, , 717: 4140-4143	Wu, Y, Clevenger, T and Deng, B	Appl Environ Microbiol 717: 4140-4143	2005	Link
UV rate constant data - Bacteria	Inactivation action spectra of Bacillus subtilis spores in extended ultraviolet wavelengths 50-300 nm obtained with synchrotron radiation	Munakata N, Saito M, Hieda K	Photochem & Photobiol 545:761-768	1991	Link
UV rate constant data - Virus	Inactivation and genome degradation of poliovirus 1 and F-specific RNA phages and degradation of their genomes by UV irradiation at 254 nanometers	Simonet JCG	Appl Environ Microbiol 7212:7671-7677	2006	Link
UV rate constant data - Bacteria	Inactivation and Photorepair of Enteric Pathogenic Microorganisms with Ultraviolet Irradiation	Hu XX, S Geng and C Hu	Environ Eng Sci 29: 549-553	2012	Link
UV rate constant data - Protozoa	Inactivation and potential repair of C parvum following low- and medium-pressure ultraviolet radiation	Zimmer, J, R Slawson and P Huck	Wat Res 3714: 3517-3523	2003	Link
UV rate constant data - Virus	Inactivation and UV disinfection of Murine Norovirus with TiO2 under various environmental conditions	Lee JE, Zoh KD, Ko GP	Appl Environ Microbiol 747:2111-2117	2008	Link
UV rate constant data - Bacteria	Inactivation credit of UV irradiation for viruses, bacteria and protozoan oocysts in water: A review	Hijnen WAM, Beerendonk EF, Medema GJ	Wat Res 40:3-22	2006	Link
UV rate constant data - Bacteria	Inactivation differences of microorganisms by low pressure UV and pulsed xenon lamps	Otaki M, Okuda A, Tajima K, Iwasaki T, Kinoshita S, Ohgaki S	Wat Sci Technol 473:185-190	2003	Link
UV Performance	Inactivation kinetics in a flowthrough UV reactor	Severin BF, Suidan MT, Rittmann BE, Englebrecht RS	J Water Pollution Control 562:164-169	1984	Link
UV rate constant data - Virus	Inactivation of the Avain Influenza virus H5N2 in typical domestic wastewater and drinking water treatment systems	Lucio-Forster A, Bowman DD, Lucio-Martinez B, Labare MP, Butkus MA	Environ Eng Sci 236:897-903	2006	Link
UV rate constant data - Virus	Inactivation of a strain of Tobacco necrosis virus and the RNA isolated from it, by ultraviolet radiation of different wavelengths	Kassanis	Photochem Photobiol 4:209-214	1965	Link
UV rate constant data - Bacteria	Inactivation of Bacillus thuringiensis spores by ultraviolet and visible light	Griego VM, Spence KD	Appl Environ Microbiol 355:906-910	1978	Link
UV rate constant data - Bacteria	Inactivation of bacterial and fish pathogens by ozonation or UV irradiation in water of different salinity	Liltved H, Hektoen H, Efraimsen H	Aquacult Eng 14:107-122	1995	Link
UV rate constant data - Virus	Inactivation of bacteriophages in water by means of non-ionizing UV 253.7nm and ionizing gamma radiation: A comparative approach	Sommer R, Pribil W, Appelt S, Gehringer P, Eschweiler H, Leth H, Cabaj A, Haider T	Wat Res 3513:3109-3116	2001	Link
UV rate constant data - Virus	Inactivation of Caliciviruses	Duizer E, Bijkerk PB Rockx A dG Twisk F, Koopmans M	Appl Environ Microbiol 708:4538-4543	2004	Link
UV rate constant data - Virus	Inactivation of Coronaviruses and Phage Phi6 from Irradiation across UVC Wavelengths	Ma B, Linden YS, Gundy PM, Gerba CP, Sobsey MD, Linden KG	Environ Sci Technol Lett 2021 Mar 17:acs	2021	Link
UV rate constant data - Protozoa	Inactivation of Cryptosporidium oocysts using medium- and low-pressure ultraviolet radiation	Craik S, Weldon D, Finch G, Bolton J, Belosevic M	Wat Res 351387-1398	2001	Link
UV rate constant data - Virus	Inactivation of enteric microorganisms with chemical disinfectants, UV irradiation and combined chemical/UV treatments	Koivunen, J and H Heinonen-Tanski	Water Res 398: 1519-1526	2005	Link
UV rate constant data - Bacteria	Inactivation of Escherichia coli by ultraviolet light and hydrogen peroxide in a thin film contactor	Shama G	Letters in Appl Microb 15:259-260	1992	Link
UV rate constant data - Virus	Inactivation of Feline calicivirus and Adenovirus Type 40 by UV radiation	Thurston-Enriquez JA, Haas CN, Jacangelo J, Riley K, Gerba CP	Appl Environ Microbiol 691:577-582	2003	Link
UV rate constant data - Protozoa	Inactivation of Giardia lamblia Cysts by Ultraviolet Irradiation	Rice EW, Hoff JC	Appl Environ Microbiol 423:546-547	1981	Link
UV rate constant data - Virus	Inactivation of infectious salmon anaemia virus, viral hemorrhagic septicaemia virus and infectious pancreatic necrosis virus in water using UVC irradiation	Oye AK, Rimstad R	Dis Aquatic Organ 48:1-5	2001	Link
UV rate constant data - Bacteria	Inactivation of Listeria monocytogenes by Ultraviolet Energy	Yousef, A and E Marth	J Food Sci 532: 571-573	1988	Link
UV rate constant data - Bacteria	Inactivation of Mycobacterium avium complex by UV irradiation	Shin G	Appl Environ Microbiol 7422:7067-7069	2008	Link
UV rate constant data - Bacteria	Inactivation of pathogens with innovative UV technologies: American Research Foundation & American Water Works Association	Malley JP, Ballester NA, Margolin AB, Linden KG, Mofidi A, Bolton JR, Crozes G, Laine JM, Janex ML	AWWA 2004	2004	Link
UV rate constant data - Virus	Inactivation of single- and double-stranded ribonucleic acid of encephalomyocarditis virus by ultraviolet light	Zavadova Z, Gresland L, Rosenbergova M	Acta Virol 12:515-522	1968	Link
UV rate constant data - Virus	Inactivation of two viral pathogens of salmonids	Maisse G, Dorson M, Torchy C	Bull Fran Piscicult 278:34-40	1980	Link
UV rate constant data - Virus	Inactivation, by UV-, X-, and gamma-radiations, of the infecting and transforming capacities of polyoma virus	Latarjet R, Cramer R, Montagnier L	Virol 33:104-111	1967	Link
UV rate constant data - Spores	Increased resistance of environmental anaerobic spores to inactivation by UV	Hijnen, WAM, AJ van der Veer, EF Beerendonk and GJ Medema	Water Sci Technol 42:147	2004	Link
UV Modeling	Indicators for photoreactivation and dark repair studies following ultraviolet disinfection	Quek PH, Hu J	J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol	2008	Link
UV rate constant data - Virus	Indirect induction of mutagenesis of intact parvovirus H-1 in mammalian cells treated with UV light or with UV-irradiated H-1 or simian virus 40	Cornelis JJ, Su ZZ, Ward DC, Rommelaere J	Proc Natl Acad Sci 787:4480-4484	1981	Link
UV rate constant data - Virus	Induction of mutations in a bacterial virus	Weigle JJ	Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 39:628	1953	Link
UV rate constant data - Virus	Infectious DNA from coliphage T1 The occurrence of single-strand breaks in stored, thermally-treated and UV-irradiated molecules	Hotz G, Mauser R, Walser R	Int J Radiat Biol Relat Stud Phys Chem Med 19:519-536	1971	Link
UV rate constant data - Virus	Infectivity of RNA from Inactivated Proteins	Nuanualsuwan S, Cliver DO	Appl Environ Microbiol 693:1629-1632	2003	Link
UV rate constant data - Bacteria	Influence of liquid holding recovery and photoreactivation on survival of ultraviolet-irradiated fish pathogenic bacteria	Liltved H, Landfald B	Wat Res 305:1109-1114	1996	Link
UV rate constant data - Virus	Inhibition of host cell protein synthesis by UV-inactivated poliovirus	Helentjaris T, Ehrenfeld E	J Virol 211:259-267	1977	Link
Drinking water	Innovative Approaches for Validation of UV Disinfection Reactors for Drinking Water Systems	Wright, Brooks, Heath, Adams, Townsend	USEPA	2020/04/01	Link
UV rate constant data - Bacteria	Interrelationship of repair mechanisms in ultraviolet-irradiated Escherichia coli	Moss SH, Davies DJG	J Bact 1201:15-23	1974	Link
UV rate constant data - Bacteria	Isolation and physiological characterization of mitomycin C-sensitive/UV-sensitive mutants in Bacteroides fragilis	Abratt, VR, Jones DT & Woods DR	Journal of general microbiology, 1319, 2479?2483	1985	Link
UV rate constant data - Virus	Isotypical interference in vitro by Rous virus inactivated by ultraviolet rays	Golde A, Latarjet R, Vigier P	C R Acad Sci Paris 253:2782-2784	1961	Link
UV Modeling	Kinetic modeling of UV disinfection of water	Severin BF, Suidan MT, Englebrecht RS	Water Res 1711:1669-1678	1983	Link
UV rate constant data - Bacteria	Literature review–efficacy of various disinfectants against Legionella in water systems	Kim, BR, JE Anderson, SA Mueller, WA Gaines and AM Kendall	Water Res 3618: 4433-4444	2002	Link
UV rate constant data - Virus	Low pressure ultraviolet inactivation of pathogenic enteric viruses and bacteriophages	Shin G, Linden KG, Sobsey MD	J Environ Eng Sci 4Supp 1:S7-S11	2005	Link
UV rate constant data - Bacteria	Low- and medium-pressure UV inactivation of microsporidia Encephalitozoon intestinalis	Huffman D, Gennccaro A, Rose J, Dussert B	Wat Res 3612:3161-3164	2002	Link
UV rate constant data - Protozoa	Low-pressure inactivation and DNA repair potential of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts	Shin G, Linden K Arrowood M Sobsey M	Appl Environ Microbiol 677:3029-3032	2001	Link
UV rate constant data - Bacteria	Measurement of UV radiation using suspensions of microorganisms	Sommer R, Cabaj A, Sandu T, Lhotsky M	J Photochem Photobiol 531-3:1-5	1999	Link
UV rate constant data - Virus	Mechanism of high power picosecond laser UV inactivation of viruses and bacterial plasmids	Gurzadyan GG, Nikogosyan DN, Kryukov PG, Letokhov VS, Balmukhanov TS, Belogurov AA, Zavilgelskij GB	Photochem Photobiol 33:835-838	1981	Link
Water	Method for the Measurement of the Output of Monochromatic (254 nm) Low-Pressure UV Lamps	Lawal, Dussert, Howarth, Platzer, Sadges, Muller, Whitby, Stowe, Adam, Witham, Engel, Posy, van der Pol, Bolton, Santelli	IUVA	2017/03/01	Link
UV Performance	Microbial inactivation and characterization of toxicity and by-products occurring in reclaimed wastewater disinfected with UV radiation; 1993 May 23-25; Whippany, NJ	Oppenheimer J, Hoagland J, Laine J-M, Jacangelo J, Bhamrah A	Wat Environ Fed	1993	Link
UV rate constant data - Bacteria	Microbial UV fluence-response assessment using a novel UV-LED collimated beam system	Bowker, C, Sain, A Shatalov, M Ducoste, J	Water Research 455: 2011-2019	2011	Link
UV rate constant data - Bacteria	Modeling of secondary treated wastewater disinfection by UV irradiation: effects of suspended solids content	Brahmi, M, NH Belhadi, H Hamdi and A Hassen	J Environ Sci China 228: 1218-1224	2010	Link
UV Modeling	Modelling of reactivation after UV disinfection: effect of UV-C dose on subsequent photoreactivation and dark repair	Nebot SE, Davila IS, Andrade JAA, Alonso JMQ	Water Res 4114:3141-3151	2007	Link
UV Modeling	Modelling of reactivation after UV disinfection: Effect of UV-C dose on subsequent photoreactivation and dark repair	Sanz EN, Davila IS, Balao JAA, Alonso JMQ	Wat Res 41:3141-3151	2007	Link
UV rate constant data - Bacteria	Modelling of ultraviolet light inactivation kinetics of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus, Clostridium difficile spores and murine norovirus on fomite surfaces	Mitchell, J B, L Y Sifuentes, A Wissler, S Abd-Elmaksoud, GU Lopez and CP Gerba	J Appl Microbiol 1261: 58-67	2019	Link
UV rate constant data - Virus	Monochromatic ultraviolet action spectra and quantum yields for inactivation of T1 and T2 Escherichia coli bacteriophages	Zelle MR, Hollaender A	J Bact 68:210-215	1954	Link
UV rate constant data - Virus	Phages T7 in biological UV dose measurement	Ronto G, Gaspar S, Berces A	Photochem Photobiol 12:285-294	1992	Link
UV rate constant data - Virus	Photohydration of uridine in the RNA of coliphage R17 II The relationship between ultraviolet inactivation and uridine photohydration	Remsen JF, Miller N, Cerutti PA	Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 65:460-466	1970	Link
UV rate constant data - Bacteria	Photoreactivation of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli following UV disinfection	Tosa K, Hirata T	Wat Res 332:361-366	1999	Link
UV rate constant data - Bacteria	Photoreactivation of induced mutation and inactivation of Escherichia coli exposed to various wave lengths of monochromatic ultraviolet radiation	Zelle MR, Ogg JE, Hollaender A	J Bact 752:190-198	1958	Link
UV rate constant data - Bacteria	Photoreactivation of killing in Streptomyces: Action spectra and kinetic studies	Jagger J, Takebe H, Snow JM	Photochem Photobiol 12:185-196	1970	Link
UV rate constant data - Bacteria	Photoreactivation of Salmonella following UV disinfection	Tosa K, Hirata T	Proc IAWQ 19th Biennial Int Conf 10, Health-Related Water Microbiology	1998	Link
UV rate constant data - Bacteria	Photoreactivation of ultraviolet-irradiated Escherichia coli, with special reference to the dose-reduction principle and to ultraviolet-induced mutation	Kelner A	J Bact 58:511-522	1949	Link
UV rate constant data - Virus	Physicochemical stability and inactivation of Human and Simian Rotaviruses	Meng Z-D, Birch C, Heath R, Gust I	Appl Environ Microbiol 534:727-730	1987	Link
UV rate constant data - Bacteria	Plasmid-associated sensitivity of Bacillus thuringensis to UV light	Benoit TG, Wilson GR, Bull DL, Aronson AI	Appl & Environ Microbiol 568:2282-2286	1990	Link
UV rate constant data - Virus	Poliovirus double-stranded RNA: Inactivation by ultraviolet light	Bishop JM, Quintrell N, Koch G	J Mol Biol 24:125-128	1967	Link
UV rate constant data - Bacteria	Potential repair of Escherichia coli following exposure to UV radiation from both medium- and low-pressure UV sources used in drinking water treatment	Zimmer JL, Slawson RM	Appl Environ Microbiol 687:3293-3299	2002	Link
UV rate constant data - Virus	Production of viral structural antigens by irradiated adenovirus as an assay for DNA repair in human fibroblasts In: Hanawalt PC, Friedberg EC, Cox CF, editors	Rainbow AJ	DNA Repair Mechanisms, NY p541	1978	Link
UV rate constant data - Virus	Properties of the causative agent of a chicken tumor The inactivation of the tumor-producing agent by monochromatic ultraviolet light	Sturm E, Gates FL, Murphy JB	J Exp Med 55:441-444	1932	Link
Water	Protocol for the determination of fluence (UV dose) using a low-pressure or low-pressure high-output UV lamp in benchscale collimated beam ultraviolet experiments	Bolton, Beck and Linden	IUVA	2015/04/20	Link
UV rate constant data - Virus	Radiation enhanced reactivation of nuclear replicating mammalian viruses	Bockstahler LE	Photochem Photobiol 255: 477-482	1977	Link
UV rate constant data - Virus	Radiation studies of avian tumor viruses and of Newcastle disease virus	Levinson W, Rubin R	Virol 28:533-542	1966	Link
UV rate constant data - Virus	Radiobiological inactivation of Epstein-Barr virus	Henderson E, Heston L, Grogan E, Miller G	J Virol 251:51-59	1978	Link
UV rate constant data - Virus	Radiosensitivity as an index of herpes simplex virus development	Powell, WF	Virol 91-19	1959	Link
UV rate constant data - Bacteria	Re-use of wastewater: Preventing the recovery of pathogens by using medium-pressure UV lamp technology	Kalisvaart BF	Wat Sci Technol 3310:261-269	2004	Link
UV rate constant data - Bacteria	Relative susceptibility of acid-fast and non-acid fast bacteria to ultraviolet light	Collins FM	Appl Microbiol 21:411-413	1971	Link
UV rate constant data - Bacteria	Repair and regrowth of Escherichia coli after low- and medium-pressure ultraviolet disinfection	Hu JY, Chu SN, Quek PH, Feng YY, Tang XL	Wat Sci Technol 55:101-108	2005	Link
UV rate constant data - Virus	Resistance of Berne virus to physical and chemical treatment	Weiss M, Horzinek MC	Vet Microbiol 11:41-49	1986	Link
UV rate constant data - Bacteria	Resistance of selected strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to low intensity ultraviolet radiation	Abshire RL, Dunton H	Appl Envir Microb 416:1419-1423	1981	Link
UV rate constant data - Virus	Resistance to ultraviolet light as an index to the reproduction of bacteriophage	Benzer S	J Bact 63:59-72	1952	Link
UV rate constant data - Virus	Respective Roles of Pyrimidine Dimer and Pyrimidine 6-4 Pyrimidone Photoproducts in UV Mutagenesis of Simian Virus 40 DNA in Mammalian Cells	Bourre F, Benoit A, Sarasin A	J Virol 6311:4520-4524	1989	Link
UV rate constant data - Bacteria	Response of a biofilm bacterial community to UV Radiation	Elasri MO, Miller RV	Appl & Environ Microbiol 655:2025-2031	1999	Link
UV rate constant data - Bacteria	Response of Salmonella and E. coli O157:H7 to UV energy	Yaun B, Eifert SSJ, Marcy J	J Food Prot 666:1071-1073	2003	Link
UV rate constant data - Bacteria	Sensitivity of microorganisms to different wavelengths of UV light: Implications on modeling of medium pressure UV systems	Giese N, Darby J	Wat Res 3416:4007-4013	2000	Link
UV rate constant data - Bacteria	Sensitivity of pathogenic and free-living Leptospira spp to UV radiation and mitomycin C	Stamm, LV, & Charon, NW	Applied and environmental microbiology, 543, 728?733	1988	Link
UV rate constant data - Bacteria	Sensitivity of the vibrios to ultraviolet-radiation	Banerjee, SK, and SN Chatterjee	Int J Radiat Biol Relat Stud Phys Chem Med 322: 127-133	1977	Link
UV rate constant data - Virus	Sensitivity to ultraviolet light of single- and double-stranded DNA	Jansz	Biochim Biophys Acta 76:655-657	1963	Link
UV rate constant data - Virus	Sensitized photoinactivation of bacteriophage T4	Meistrich M, Lamola AA, Gabbay E	Photochem Photobiol 113:169-178	1970	Link
UV rate constant data - Virus	Sequential disinfection of Adenovirus Type 2 with UV-chlorinechloramine	Ballester N, Malley J	J Amer Wat Works Assoc 9610:97-102	2004	Link
UV rate constant data - Fungi	Some Lethal Effects of Ultra-Violet Radiation of Fungus Spores	Dimond, A, & Duggar, BM	Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2710, 459?468	1941	Link
UV rate constant data - Virus	Specific cross-linking of capsid proteins to virus RNA by ultraviolet irradiation of Poliovirus	Wetz K, Habermehl K-O	J Gen Virol 59:397-401	1982	Link
UV rate constant data - Bacteria	Spectral sensitivity of Bacillus subtilis spores and MS2 coliphage for validation testing of ultraviolet reactors for water disinfection	Mamane-Gravetz H, Linden KG, Cabaj A, Sommer R	Environ Sci Technol 39:7845-7852	2005	Link
UV rate constant data - Spores	Spores of Bacillus subtilis: their resistance to and killing by radiation, heat, and chemicals	Setlow P	J Appl Microbiol 101:514-525	2006	Link
UV rate constant data - Virus	Studies on thymine-derived UV photoproducts in DNA – I Formation and biological role of pyrimidine adducts in DNA	Patrick MH	Photochem Photobiol 254:357-372	1977	Link
UV rate constant data - Virus	Survivability of fish pathogenic viruses in environmental water, and inactivation of fish viruses	Yoshimizu M, Yoshinaka T, Hatori S, Kasai H	Bull Fish Res Agen Suppl 2:47-54	2005	Link
UV rate constant data - Bacteria	Survival of Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 after UV radiation exposure	Qiu, X, GW Sundin, B Chai and JM Tiedje	Appl Environ Microbiol 7011: 6435-6443	2004	Link
UV rate constant data - Bacteria	Survival of UV-irradiated vaccinia virus in normal and xeroderma pigmentosum fibroblasts; evidence for repair of UV-damaged viral DNA	Klein B, Filon AR, vanZeeland AA, vanderEb AJ	Mutat Res 3071:25-32	1994	Link
UV rate constant data - Bacteria	Susceptibility of Campylobacter jejuni and Yersinia enterolitica to UV radiation	Butler RC, Lund, V, and Carlson, DA	Zbl Vet Med B 29:129-136	1987	Link
UV rate constant data - Virus	Susceptibility of fish pathogenic viruses, bacteria and fungus to ultraviolet radiation and the disinfectant effect of U	Sako H, and Sorimachi, M	Bull Nat Res Inst Aquacult 8:51-58	1985	Link
UV Performance	Technical and sanitary aspect of wastewater disinfection by ultraviolet irradiation for landscape irrigation	Lazarova V, Savoye P	Wat Sci Technol 502:203-209	2004	Link
UV rate constant data - Bacteria	Temperature, pH, and electrolyte sensitivity, and heat, UV and disinfectant inactivation of sea bass Dicentrarchus labrax neuropathy nodavirus	Frerichs GN, Tweedle A, Starkey WG, Richards RH	Aquaculture 185:13-24	2000	Link
UV Performance	Testing the equivalency of ultraviolet light and chlorine for disinfection of wastewater to reclamation standards	Oppenheimer JA, Jacangelo JG, Laine J-M, Hoagland JE	Wat Environ Res 691:14-24	1997	Link
UV rate constant data - Fungi	The action of ultraviolet radiation on dermatophytes The fungicidal effect of monochromatic ultraviolet radiation on the spores of Trichophyton mentagrophytes	Hollaender, A and CW Emmons	Journal of Cellular and Comparative Physiology 13: 391-402	1939	Link
UV rate constant data - Virus	The cluster model of ultraviolet disinfection explains tailing kinetics	Kowalski, WJ, WP Bahnfleth, M Raguse and R Moeller	J Appl Microbiol 1284: 1003-1014	2020	Link
UV rate constant data - Spores	The destruction of spores of Bacillus subtilis by the combined effects of hydrogen peroxide and ultraviolet light	Waites WM, Harding SE, Fowler DR, Jones SH, Shaw D, Martin M	Lett Appl Microbiol 7:139-140	1988	Link
UV rate constant data - Virus	The effect of monochromatic ultraviolet radiation on the infectivity and hemagglutinating ability of the influenza virus type A strain PR-8	Tamm I, Fluke DJ	J Bact 59:449-461	1950	Link
UV rate constant data - Virus	The effect of UV-irradiation on the plaque-forming ability of single- and double-stranded polyoma virus DNA	van der Eb AJ, Cohen JA	Biochem Biophys Res Comm 282:284-293	1967	Link
UV rate constant data - Bacteria	The effects of ultraviolet irradiation on Mycobacteriophages and their infectious DNAs	Sellers MI, Nakamura R, Tokunaga T	J Gen Virol 73:233-247	1970	Link
UV rate constant data - Bacteria	The effects of ultraviolet radiation on the moderate halophile Halomonas elongata and the extreme halophile Halobacterium salinarum	Martin E, Reinhardt R, Baum L, Becker M, Shaffer J, Kokjohn T	Can J Microbiol 462:180-187	2000	Link
UV rate constant data - Protozoa	The effects of UV irradiation on human-derived Giardia lamblia cysts	Campbell, A and P Wallis	Wat Res 364: 963-969	2002	Link
UV rate constant data - Spores	The fungal spores elimination in drinking water by UV radiation In: Fajzieva D, Brebbia CA, editors	Tothova L, Frankova E	Environmental Health Risk, Southampton: WIT Press	2001	Link
UV rate constant data - Virus	The inactivating effect of monochromatic ultraviolet radiation on influenza virus	Hollaender A, Oliphant JW	J Bact 484:447-454	1944	Link
UV rate constant data - Virus	The inactivation of Adenoviruses by ultraviolet irradiation and nitrous acid	Wasserman F	Virol 17:335-341	1962	Link
UV rate constant data - Bacteria	The lethal action of short ultraviolet rays on several common pathogenic bacteria	Sharp G	J Bact 37:447-459	1939	Link
UV rate constant data - Virus	The mechanism for frozen aqueous solution irradiation of pyrimidines	Wang SY	Photochem Photobiol 3:395-398	1964	Link
UV rate constant data - Bacteria	The nature of the action of ultraviolet light on microorganisms	Bedford THB	Brit J Exp Path 8:437-441	1927	Link
UV rate constant data - Virus	The ultraviolet light inactivation of phiX174 bacteriophage at different wavelengths and ph’s	Setlow R, Boyce R	Biophys J 1:29-41	1960	Link
UV rate constant data - Virus	The UV-resistance of double-stranded phiX174 DNA	Yarus	J Mol Biol 8:614-615	1964	Link
UV rate constant data - Virus	The variation in UV sensitivity of four K12 strains of Escherichia coli as a function of their stage of growth	Tyrrell RM, Moss SH, Davies DJG	Mutat Res 16:1-12	1972	Link
UV rate constant data - Bacteria	Thymine auxotrophy is associated with increased UV sensitivity in Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis	Lojo MM	Mutation Research 347:25-30	1995	Link
UV Theory	Thymine dimerization in DNA is an ultrafast photoreaction	Schreier WJ, Schrader TE, Koller FO, Gilch P, Crespo-Hernandez CE, Swaminathan VN, Carell T, Zinth W, Kohler B	Science 315:625-629	2007	Link
UV Modeling	Time dose reciprocity in UV disinfection of water	Sommer R, Haider T, Cabaj A, Pribil W, Lhotsky M	Wat Sci Technol 3812:145-150	1998	Link
UV rate constant data - Virus	Ultraviolet action spectrum of T1 bacteriophage	Fluke DJ, Pollard EC	Science 110:274-275	1949	Link
UV rate constant data - Virus	Ultraviolet devitalization of eight selected enteric viruses in estuarine water	Hill WF, Hamblet FE, Benton WH, Akin EW	Appl Microb 195:805-812	1970	Link
UV rate constant data - Bacteria	Ultraviolet Disinfection of Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria and Their Antibiotic Resistance Genes in Water and Wastewater	McKinney, C and A Pruden	Environ Sci & Technol 46: 13393-13400	2012	Link
UV rate constant data - Bacteria	Ultraviolet disinfection of drinking water Communication: Inactivation of E. coli and coliform bacteria	Zemke V, Podgorsek L, Schoenen D	Zentralbl Hyg Umweltmed 1901-2:51-61	1990	Link
Drinking Water	Ultraviolet Disinfection Systems for Drinking Water (AWWA Standard F110)	AWWA	AWWA	2016/05/19	Link
UV rate constant data - Fungi	Ultraviolet germicidal irradiation disinfection of Stachybotrys chartarum	Green CF, Favidson CS, Scarpino PV, Gibbs SG	Can J Microbiol 51:801-804	2005	Link
UV rate constant data - Virus	Ultraviolet inactivation of Avian Sarcoma viruses: Biological and Biochemical analysis	Owada M, Ihara S, Toyoshima K	Virol 69:710-718	1976	Link
UV rate constant data - Virus	Ultraviolet inactivation of Feline Calicivirus, Human Enteric Viruses, and coliphages	Nuanualsuwan S, Mariam T, Himathongkham S, Cliver DO	Photochem Photobiol 764:406-410	2002	Link
UV rate constant data - Virus	Ultraviolet inactivation of Influenza virus RNA in vitro and in vivo	Pons MW, Rochovansky OM	Virol 97:183-189	1979	Link
UV rate constant data - Virus	Ultraviolet inactivation of selected bacteria and viruses with photoreactivation of the bacteria	Harris GD, Adams VD, Sorenson DL, Curtis MS	Water Res 216:687-692	1987	Link
UV rate constant data - Virus	Ultraviolet inactivation of the midi variant of QBeta RNA: the sites of UV-induced replication inhibition	O'Hara PJ, Gordon MP	Photochem Photobiol 31:47-54	1980	Link
UV rate constant data - Bacteria	Ultraviolet irradiation inactivates the waterborne infective stages of Myxobolus cerebralis: A treatment for hatchery water supplies	Hedrick, R, T McDowell, G Marty, K Mukkatira, D Antonio, K Andree, Z Bukhari and T Clancy	Dis Aquatic Org 421: 53-59	2000	Link
UV rate constant data - Virus	Ultraviolet irradiation of DNA complexed with a alph/beta-type small, acid-soluble protein from spores of Bacillus or Clostridium species makes spore phoptoproduct but not thymine dimers	Nicholson WL, Setlow B, Setlow P	Proc Nat Acad Sci 88:8288-8292	1991	Link
UV rate constant data - Virus	Ultraviolet photobiology of Kilham rat virus and the absolute ultraviolet photosensitivities of other animal viruses: Influence of DNA strandedness, molecular weight, and host-cell repair	Proctor WR, Cook JS, Tennant RW	Virology 492:368-378	1972	Link
UV rate constant data - Virus	Ultraviolet sterilization of model viruses important to finfish aquaculture in Australia	Miocevic, I, J Smith, L Owens and R Speare	Aust Vet J 701: 25-27	1993	Link
UV rate constant data - Bacteria	Ultraviolet susceptibility of BCG and virulent tubercle bacilli	Riley RL, Knight M, Middlebrook G	Am Rev Resp Dis 113:413-418	1976	Link
UV rate constant data - Virus	Use of aqueous silver to enhance inactivation of coliphage MS-2 by UV disinfection	Butkus MA, Labare MP, Starke JA, Moon K, Talbot M	Appl Environ Microbiol 05:2848-2853	2004	Link
UV Performance	Use of UV rays for the disinfection of water Microbiological studies of surface water	Martiny H, Wlodavezyk K, Ruden H	Zentralbl Bakteriol Mikrobiol Hyg B 1864:344-359	1988	Link
UV rate constant data - Bacteria	Using ultraviolet light for disinfection of finished water	Bukhari Z, Abrams F, LeChevallier M	Wat Sci Technol 501:173-178	2004	Link
Drinking water	UV Disinfection Guidance Manual for the Final LT2ESWTR	USEPA	USEPA	2016/11/01	Link
UV rate constant data - Bacteria	UV dose-response of Acinetobacter baumanii in water	Templeton, M, M Antonakaki and M Rogers	Environ Sci Eng 263: 697-701	2009	Link
UV rate constant data - Virus	UV inactivation and thymine dimerization in bacteriophage phiX.Z	David CN	Verberbungsl 95:318-325	1964	Link
UV rate constant data - Virus	UV inactivation of adenovirus type 41 measured by cell culture mRNA RT-PCR	Ko G, Cromenas TL, Sobsey MD	Wat Res 39:3643-3649	2005	Link
UV rate constant data - Protozoa	UV inactivation of Cryptosporidium hominis as measured in cell culture	Johnson A, Linden K, Ciociola K, DeLeon R, Widmer G, Rochelle P	Appl Environ Microbiol 715:2800- 2802	2005	Link
UV rate constant data - Virus	UV inactivation of herpes simplex viruses, types 1 and 2	Wolff MH, Schneweis KE	Zentralbl Bakteriol 2234:470-477	1973	Link
UV rate constant data - Bacteria	UV inactivation of pathogenic and indicator microorganisms	Chang JCH, Ossoff SF, Lobe DC, Dorfman MH, Dumais CM, Qualls RG, Johnson JD	Appl & Environ Microbiol 496:1361-1365	1985	Link
UV rate constant data - Virus	UV inactivation of the biological activity of defective interfering particles generated by Vesicular Stomatitis virus	Bay PHS, Reichman ME	J Virol 323:876-884	1979	Link
UV rate constant data - Protozoa	UV light inactivation of Cryptosporidium oocysts	Clancy JL, Hargy TH, Marshall MM, Dyksen JE	J AWWA 909:92-102	1998	Link
UV rate constant data - Bacteria	UV light-induced survival response in a highly radiation-resistant isolate of the Moraxella-Acinetobacter group	Keller LC, Thompson TL, Macy RB	Appl & Environ Microb 432:424-429	1982	Link
UV Performance	UV-disinfection reactor validation by computational fluid dynamics and relation to biodosimetry and actinometry	Deguchi K, Yamaguchi S, Ishida H	J Wat Technol Environ Technol 31:77-84	2005	Link
UV rate constant data - Virus	UV-enhanced reactivation of Minute-Virus of-Mice: Stimulation of a late step in the viral life cycle	Rommelaere J, Vos J-M, Cornelis JJ, Ward DC	Photochem Photobiol 33:845-854	1981	Link
UV rate constant data - Bacteria	UV-inactivation of microorganisms in water	Sommer R, Weber G, Cabaj A, Wekerle J, Keck G, Schauberger G	Zentralbl Hyg Umweltmed 1893:214-224	1989	Link
UV rate constant data - Virus	UV-irradiation of related mouse hybrid cells: Similar increase in capacity to replicate intact Minute-Virus-of-Mice but differential enhancement of survival of UV-irradiated virus	Vos JM, Cornelis JJ, Limbosch S, Zampetti-Bosseler F, Rommelare J	Mutat Res 83:171-178	1981	Link
UV Modeling	UV-reactivation of bacteriophage l in excision repair-deficient hosts: Independence of red functions and attachment regions	Radman M, Devoret R	Virol 43:504	1971	Link
Drinking Water	UV/H(2)O(2) treatment of drinking water increases post-chlorination DBP formation	Dotson, Keen, Metz, Linden	Water Research	2010/06/01	Link
UV rate constant data - Virus	Virus inactivation and protein recovery in a novel ultraviolet-C reactor	Wang J, Mauser A, Chao SF, Remington K, Treckmann R, Kaiser K, Pifat D, Hotta J	Vox Sang 864:230-238	2004	Link
UV rate constant data - Virus	Virus inactivation during disinfection of wastewater by chlorination and UV irradiation and the efficacy of F+ bacteriophage as a ‘viral indicator’	Tree J, Adams M, Lees D	Wat Sci Technol 3511-12:227-232	1997	Link
UV rate constant data - Virus	Virus, bacteriophages and water purification	Havelaar AH	Vet Q 94:356-360	1987	Link
UV Performance	Wavelength dependence of ultraviolet-induced DNA damage distribution: Involvement of direct or indirect mechanisms and possible artefacts	Kuluncsics Z, Perdiz D, Brulay E, Muel B, Sage E	J Photochem & Photobiol 491:71-80	1999	Link
UV rate constant data - Bacteria	Zur Photosensibilit?t der Bakterien	M?ller, R, Schicht, G	Archiv Mikrobiol 51, 290?306 1965	1965	Link